What power is necessary to "the fourth power"?
What power is necessary to "the fourth power"?
The Doctrine of information safety of Russia accepted recently
Proceeds in the decision of this question from the basic postulates Okinavsky
Charters-2000: the standard base of an information field should
To be created by the state, and freedom of one should not limit
Freedom of others, and the state too should watch it.
The press serves or serves?
To whom does the press serve? To citizens? To the state? To a society?
To magnates? Similar, all of us, and in the West, and in Russia, we begin
To realise, that has come to protect time "the fourth power" from
Any external influence and to provide its valid
Independence. A question: how it to make?
All largest events on XX-th century finish, whether it be war in
Persian gulf, intervention of NATO against Yugoslavia or
Democratic revolution in Russia, show, that the authorities, read
- The state, in the increasing degree seize art
Effectively to use "the fourth power" for achievement of the
Political and economic targets. But these purposes not always
Coincide with interests of the majority of citizens. Simultaneously with it and
Monetary magnates actively use the press in commercial,
And sometimes and political ends.
And here the vital interests of the society as
The integrated whole do not find public expression, that
Calls growing discontent of the majority of citizens and in the West, and
In Russia. This majority even more often starts to demand from
The governments to change a situation developing in this area -
To force the state to serve interests of the majority, instead of
Only own. Similar, that this tendency becomes
The general in the civilised world, acknowledgement to that can be met
Under the most unexpected circumstances.
"Heterodoxy" - not for the press.
There was a serene day on an outcome of summer in the Julijsky Alpes on lake
Bled in Slovenia, near to the Austrian border. At coast
Mediterranean sea, whence we have just arrived, plus 40
Degrees on Celsius, and here hardly 19. We with the younger son
Mitjajkoj to which 7 years recently were executed, have just gone round
On old Roman road all bowl of lake on a fiacre and already on foot
We go to restaurant on a terrace. The little son briskly and loudly,
Not paying attention to health-resort visitors walking on avenue,
Speaking in various languages, from Slovene to French,
Shares with me the impressions of a trip. Our Russian
Speech draws attention of associates.
At an input in restaurant to us the high attentively got accustomed
The thin man of years 60. Having seen, that I have noticed its sight,
Has approached and with apologies has said in English: "you Russian?" -
Yes. And what you would want?
The man was presented by the Englishman from London. Here, as well as we,
Has a rest. As it happens often at fleeting acquaintances, it not
Began to waste time for weather discussion, and at once the beginnings with
Questions, it is live its interesting. Surnames each other we not
Asked, lived in different hotels, therefore conversation has turned out
Very frank.
- How you, Russian, concern England?
- Well. And here you, Englishmen, in my opinion, very not very well
Concern Russia, Russian and to Putin...
- Why you so have solved? - My new acquaintance has interrupted me.
- Well, as, look, with what sharp charges in ours
The address because of the Chechen Republic act in Strasbourg, in European
Parliament your deputies! And your English press! What only
Horrors about Putin does not write...
And here my garrulous interlocutor, fairly to tell, me
Has surprised:
- Yes do not believe you to our mass media,
To newspapers, TV, that they write about Russia... About Russia people
Think absolutely in another way. At me a lot of familiar, the majority from
Them well understand, that Russia protects in the Chechen Republic from terrorism not
Only itself, but also Europe. It is a lot of people in England understand and
Another: America aspires to order all in the world individually.
One European country resists to it in it cannot. All
Hope only that the end of this hegemony can put
Only Russia. But for this purpose you should get out of crisis. I not
The Chechen Republic I mean. With this problem you will consult and without Europe.
The main thing - an economic crisis. And here we for you are ill strongly,
We want, that have consulted.
- Postojte-postojte, but after all your press writes absolutely other...
- Our mass-media do not reflect opinion of the majority. They reflect opinion
Ruling elite...
- But you vote on elections freely. You on
Polling districts anybody under a hand does not push...
There was a silence, and then my casual interlocutor long tried
To din into me, that a bow of mass media and the power
imushchih in the western societies for a long time already became the fact, which very much
Strongly influences moods of the ordinary voter. Even
Alone with a voting box the person votes so more often,
As to it insistently and busily advise the press and TV. And
Representatives of these last it is very thin feel, what line
It is necessary to occupy and fulfil not to disperse in estimations with
The government.
Here my interlocutor has ironically looked at me and has noticed, how
By the way:
- They are your deputies, such as Kovalev or Ivanenko, can
To arrive to Strasbourg and to offer in the PASS a draught resolution with
The requirement to subject to condemnation the Russian Government for
Actions in the Chechen Republic or for the actions menacing to a freedom of speech at you
In the country. And at us in the Great Britain it is impossible. At us after
Such demarche anybody any more would not select such deputy in
The parliament, in the European.
This conversation on a subject "power-smi-voters" was at me not
The unique. So, the elderly inhabitant of Munich presented
The professor of university, referring to the circle of acquaintances in
Germany where presidents of the known German companies enter,
Intelligency, hotly convinced me that it is not necessary to accept
On belief that the western mass-media about the Chechen Republic publish, about Putin.
Normal as it was expressed, people simply cannot make the way in
Mass-media. There there is private, but very rigid censorship:
That is considered necessary to the higher political is published only
To circles. All look in a mouth to the politicians occupying the high
Posts. And opinion of those who thinks differently, on pages of newspapers and
TV screens does not get.
These and other conversations only have confirmed my impression,
Developed on the basis of the analysis of the press and radio of the western countries, that
Representatives of mass-media there sensitively listen to impulses, which
Go to their party from the government.
Who reserves public opinion.
It is necessary to notice, that especially brightly it is shown in the present
To year in relation to Russia. It was necessary to the president of France Jacque
To Chirac sharply to condemn actions of Moscow in the Chechen Republic against
Bands and to express bewilderment (to put it mildly) on
To occasion of that in Russia the President having behind shoulders is selected
Service in KGB, as almost all French press as from a chain
Has broken, has begun campaign of sharp criticism and Russia, and Vladimir
Putin.
In April all leading newspapers of the West European countries, before
In total French, have published someone the organised letter to
The public of 200 known European intellectuals from 16
The countries under the loud name, as a matter of fact, borrowed, on
Analogies, from Marx's Communistic manifesto and Engels: "Horror
Wanders across Europe ".
Under the letter there are the famous in the world names: already
Dead Bernardo Bertolucci, John Le Karre, Gjuntera Grass,
Godard, Vanessy Redgrave hatch and others. "We do not hear the accurate
Condemnation of Russia... Mister Putin believes, that to it all
It is permitted (in the Chechen Republic) "and so on.
Thus in the letter words the territory is not said that
The Chechen Republic for a number of years consistently turned to a nest
The international terrorism, in "a black hole", where completely
People, both world renowned, and unknown, where disappeared
The slave-trade, where the cut off heads of British prospered and
New Zealanders were exposed on a roadside of snow-covered roads. And
Words about that in this reserve of gangsterism were flown down garbage
Human society, beginning from benladenovskogo the emissary
Hattaba and finishing mercenaries from Ukraine and notorious snajpershami
From Baltic.
It shows all, that mass-media in the West in the increasing degree
Become a hand stretched over a society executive
The authorities though formally censorships in the western societies are not present.
But it in the West. Other in Russia. At the beginning of the democratic
Revolutions of 90th years overwhelming majority of bodies of mass-media have got in
Hands of so-called oligarchs. And the majority of newspapers, a tele-and
Radio channels, competing with each other, have begun effectively
To impose both to the state, and a society the will, to be exact, will
The owners.
But with Vladimir Putin's coming to power the situation became
To vary. But not in a direction of restriction of freedom of the press, as it
The private press tries to show.
The first steps of the new President to this sphere have shown, that
It is a question not of approach to a freedom of speech, and about restriction
Proprietors of mass media in possibility
To impose the representations to the state and a society about, where
And how to develop to the country.
As a matter of fact, Putin in this plan of anything new not
Thought out, it has only continued that tried to make already
Evgenie Primakov on a post of the prime minister, but did it enough
Clumsily and consequently has been compelled to recede.
Especially followed notice, that speech in this case goes not
About Vladimir Putin's personal whim. All both is easier, and it is more difficult
Simultaneously.
Mass media played huge, if not
Defining, a role in formation of model of the society prepared
Michael Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin's reforms. But finally
The Russian State in a broad sense this word (not to confuse with
Machinery of state) not in the last instance
Thanking detelnosti mass-media in the late eighties has entered a strip
Decompositions (to be exact to tell, self-damage) and by the end 2000
Year has approached to that line behind which it should or
To be scattered on separate components, having deleted from history
Together with itself and gosudarstvoobrazujushchuju the nation - Russian people,
Or to begin process of the Renaissance.
To solve this problem one person, even if his name is Vladimir
Putin, quite obviously, was able not. It could make
Only the people which before this comprehension should ripen,
And having ripened - to hand over the will to the leader chosen by it.
Candidates for a role of the national leader were. To voters
Offered itself G.Javlinsky, V.Zhirinovsky, E.Primakov, With.
Stepashin, G.Zyuganov. From all listed most close to a role
The leader E.Primakov has come nearer. In May, 1999, before intrusion SH.
Basayev to Dagestan, overwhelming majority of the population, it agree
To sociological interrogations, public opinion tended to that,
To set up on it the Monomove cap. But already by the end
September it began to be found out on the sly, that to a rank of the leader of the nation
E.Primakov does not hold out (that, however, and have confirmed elections in
The State Duma on December, 19th, 1999).
In August, 1999 B.Yeltsin has named Vladimir Putin's surname
As the successor, and by the end of year has confirmed the
Choice. If to believe the latest revelations of Anatoly Chubays,
Categorically against this choice there was Putin. We will add - and
The majority of the Russian mass media. But, as
It was found out, their main role in public opinion formation
For the first time for all 15-year-old period in Russia has given the failure, all interrogations
Public opinion showed growth of popularity of Putin:
The people have made the choice.
In last memoirs "Presidential marathon" B.Yeltsin
Has explained it so: the reason was in a firm line on suppression
Gangsterism in the Chechen Republic which was carried out by Putin.
And though since December, 1999 the majority of the Russian mass-media have begun
Actively to work against Putin, to change weight orientation
Voters they were any more in forces. The people have claimed on
Political scene of the leader, capable to rehabilitate the nation in it
Own eyes (and souls, I will add). Such leader people
Have seen in Putin who only executes today the mandate
The voters, given out to it on March, 26th, 2000.
As it was found out already after 100 days of a finding on a post of the head
The states, the President of Russia in mutual relations of the power,
Societies and mass-media really prefers the state.
Absolutely unambiguously it has shown this
Bent at acceptance of the Doctrine of information safety of the Russian Federation.
The democratic public of the country has accepted this Doctrine
With watchfulness. In mass-media the opinion, that this is prevailing
The document urged to limit activity freedom in information
To sphere because the Doctrine gives priority value
The co-ordinator in an information field to the state, instead of private mass-media
Also limits owing to it interests of the citizen, the person and
Societies.
In critical publications in this respect to the President advise
More attentively to look narrowly at experience of the developed countries of the West, where
The priority in an information field is given ostensibly to private mass-media.
Recommendations strange, because the Russian President in any way
It is not broken out from the general for all civilised world of the tendency
In development of an information field in respect of priorities.
The matter is that in the western countries the information for a long time already and
It is considered, and is the goods. Since an era of Franklin
Roosevelt, that is since 1933, there it is observed obvious and
Strict withdrawal from principles free, nothing
The limited goods turnover formulated still by Adamom Smith.
Our days this tendency do not shake not in the least.
Freedom of speech under the doctrine.
So, at meeting G-8 in Japan in July, 2000 it has been accepted
Okinavsky charter of a global information society, where
It is in black and white written accurately down, that though "the private sector plays
The vital role in working out information and
Communication networks in an information field, however a problem
Creations predicted and nediskriminatsionnoj and
The standard base necessary for an information society, lays
On the governments ", that is on the state.
It is natural, that V.Putin, one of active participants of the summit
G-8, when formulated the task on creation of the Russian Doctrine
Information safety, has been perfectly informed on what
The text to it should be approved on Okinawa. And according to this
The information set key parametres to group of developers
The Russian Doctrine.
Perhaps, present critics Russian could and not know it
Doctrines. But now know. Could and compare texts
Okinavsky charter and the Russian Doctrine information
Safety...
The ideology of the Russian document is based on the categorical
Imperative Immanuila of the Edging: arrive in relation to another so,
As would like, that they arrived in relation to you. In
Application to the Russian Doctrine it sounds so: freedom of one not
Should limit freedom of others, and "legal equality of all
Participants of information interaction without dependence from them
The political, social and economic status,
Based on a constitutional law of citizens on the free
Search, reception, transfer, manufacture and distribution
Information are "guaranteed" in any lawful way by the state
Policy of maintenance of information safety of the Russian Federation "(Section III,
Item 8). The accent is clear. To achieve voluntary obligation
Observance of the equal rights in this sphere it is impossible. Therefore on arena
In full conformity with the Okinavsky charter the state acts,
Which only also can in modern conditions provide
"Predictability and nediskriminatsionnost" in informatsonnom a field.
Here, actually, and all essence of the Russian Doctrine information
Safety. Naturally, not this essence approaches all. Someone
Would like, that only its representations about character of movement
Information in the Russian society were the main things. But here anything
You will not do. The society can exist as integrated
Whole only in the event that it is able (and can) to reduce in
Information field interests and will of all members in the general
Channel.
Thus, it is possible to come to conclusion, that on a boundary of centuries in
Dichotomies "the Power and mass-media" a society as in the West, and in Russia
Slowly, but considerably enough drifts to not which general model,
Where to mass media in the increasing degree
Return to their natural predetermination is provided: not as
To the political strike tool, and as to service means
Interests of a society as a whole.
Such mission of the press also defines its circle of the key
Problems:
- To carry out communication between the power and a society, explaining
To citizens that expected from them by the power;
- To explain the authorities that citizens (wait from it for the critic
Actions of the power (state) in this plan, - one of the cores
Elements of functional mission of mass-media);
- To carry out communication between various social groups in
Society.
But all this design can is effective exist only in
That case, if according to positions of the Okinavsky charter
The state incurs a problem of creation predicted and
nediskriminatsionnoj and standard base in the information
Field.
Vladimir KUZNECHEVSKY, the doctor of historical sciences, the professor.
<$>
//* an information Source: the Russian newspaper, 3.11.00
//* Reg. Nom. - 1101100051.41-------------------------------------------
|
